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  • This is a rear view of a male humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae australis) engaged in a dominance display by blowing a stream of air bubbles. Visible in the top left background is a female humpback whale. This female was associated with the male blowing bubbles. The pair were approached by several other males, which precipitated the bubble blowing seen here. A portion of one of the other whales is visible in the bottom right corner. Displays like this are a common behavior among male humpback whales accompanying females during the breeding season.
    humpback-whale-male-bubbles-dominanc...tif
  • A playful male humpback whale calf (Megaptera novaeangliae) with his mouth open and a stream of bubbles coming out of his blowholes. This calf was highly interactive and inquisitive. I nicknamed him Rambo.
    humpback-whale-calf-mouth-open-bubbl...tif
  • Male humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) with white pectoral fins blowing a dramatic trail of bubbles during a frenetic competitive group heat run. This male was one of the two lead escorts in pursuit of the female that was the center of attention of this heat run. The abundance of scratches and scars on this male’s body bears testimony to his vigor and aggression.
    humpback-whale-white-pectoral-fins-b...tif
  • This was a heat run of seven humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae), with a female that was predominantly black in colouration. These seven were clearly engrossed in their heat run activities, but they approached people in the water quite often, with the female coming up to display only a few metres away from me. In this scene, the seven whales have just realised that a group of three whales was approaching in the distance. All the whales took off in an instant, swimming at high speed and blowing curtains of bubbles to punctuate their mad dash. Note the severe injuries to the pectoral fin of the second whale in the row.
    seven-humpback-whales-blowing-bubble...tif
  • This is a male humpback whale that was the primary escort in a small competitive group heat run of four whales. The male is blowing bubbles, likely intended to be a display of aggression and dominance. The dark female dark is just visible at the bottom of the frame. The male had a small portion of his penis protruding.
    humpback-whale-male-bubbles-201708-0...tif
  • A pair of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in courtship, with the female in the foreground exhaling bubbles.
    humpback-whale-courtship-blowing-bub...tif
  • This is the primary or dominant escort in a humpback whale competitive group, also known as a heat run. Male whales are competing for the female whale, which is the one with a long white slash mark on her torso, and a smaller one closer to her face. This behavior of blowing a massive trail of bubbles requires a substantial supply of air. The respiratory and digestive tracts of most animals, including humpback whales, are not connected. It is therefore not clear how humpback whales execute this behavior. After observing this heat run for an extended period of time, I was able to watch the entire sequence from beginning to end three times, and thus to confirm that the dominant whale did not gulp air at the surface. It inflated its throat pouch with air when it was submerged. This suggests that there is a mechanism by which a humpback whale can temporarily connect its respiratory tract to its digestive tract, thus shunting air from its lungs to its throat. This sequence thus provides photographic support for just such an anatomical link, as first proposed in a 2007 paper in The Anatomical Record by Reidenberg and Laitman.
    humpback-whale-bubble-blowing-sequen...tif
  • This is the primary or dominant escort in a humpback whale competitive group, also known as a heat run. Male whales are competing for the female whale, which is the one with a long white slash mark on her torso, and a smaller one closer to her face. This behavior of blowing a massive trail of bubbles requires a substantial supply of air. The respiratory and digestive tracts of most animals, including humpback whales, are not connected. It is therefore not clear how humpback whales execute this behavior. After observing this heat run for an extended period of time, I was able to watch the entire sequence from beginning to end three times, and thus to confirm that the dominant whale did not gulp air at the surface. It inflated its throat pouch with air when it was submerged. This suggests that there is a mechanism by which a humpback whale can temporarily connect its respiratory tract to its digestive tract, thus shunting air from its lungs to its throat. This sequence thus provides photographic support for just such an anatomical link, as first proposed in a 2007 paper in The Anatomical Record by Reidenberg and Laitman.
    humpback-whale-bubble-blowing-sequen...tif
  • Part of an energetic competitive group heat run of humpback whales, with one pictured here blowing a trail of bubbles. Photographed in Vava’u, Tonga.
    humpback-whale-competitive-group-hea...tif
  • This is a pair of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in courtship, with one of the whales creating a dramatic swirling trail of bubbles with its fluke. Photographed in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga.
    humpback-whales-engaged-in-courtship...tif
  • Two juvenile Australian sea lions playing in shallow water, with one blowing bubbles as part of the social interaction between them
    juvenile-sea-lions-playing-shallow-w...tif
  • An endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) lying in a bed of sea grass, blowing bubbles
    australian-sea-lion-bubbles-200802-0...tif
  • Adult female humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) at rest while her calf was playing at the ocean surface. Note the small stream of bubbles coming from her blowholes. From this angle, the pattern and array of tubercles on the whale’s head is clearly visible, as are the barnacles (Coronula diadema), whale lice (Cyamus boopis), and hairs on the whale’s jaw.
    humpback-whale-adult-female-resting-...tif
  • Six humpback whales (Megaptera novaeanglliae) engaged in a competitive group heat run, with one blowing bubbles.
    humpback-whale-competitive-group-hea...tif
  • This adult humpback whale female was in deep, dark water with horrible visibility on an overcast day. She would have been nearly impossible to locate, had it not been for the steady stream of air bubbles she emitted from her blowholes, almost as if she were leaking air. This female was accompanied by calf 201238 (male), which was quite shy and stayed close to his mother. The stream of bubbles allowed me to keep track of her for an extended period, but for some reason, the trail of bubbles stopped at one point, begging the question of whether there was an actual leak, or whether she was consciously emitting the stream of bubbles.
    humpback-whale-leaking-air-from-blow...tif
  • This small but steady stream of bubbles made it possible to locate calf 201238 (male) and his mother, even in atrociously poor visibility like this, with the whales located in deep, dark water. In this photo, the calf is starting to rise to the surface, the faint silhouette of his mother just barely visible. The adult female seemed to leak a steady stream of air from her blowholes, almost as if she had a leak. This was true over repetitive encounters (see separate close-up photo of the female’s blowholes leaking air). More puzzling, however, was the fact that the adult stopped streaming bubbles just before our final encounter with her and the calf. Did the mother have a blowhole leak? Or was she knowingly letting air escape? The calf was a shy boy, always sticking close to his mother. The pair put on a great tail-slapping and breaching display for us.
    humpback-whale-leaking-air-from-blow...tif
  • Part of an enormous social gathering comprising hundreds of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) over many square kilometers. This group comprised dozens of individuals that were busy clicking, blowing bubbles, rubbing their bodies against one another, diving to forage for food, and defecating continuously.
    sperm-whale-social-group-physeter-ma...tif
  • Female humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in courtship (male visible in the rear), slapping the water and creating an impressive bubble stream. These whales were extremely friendly. They engaged for several hours with people in the water.
    humpback-whales-engaged-in-courtship...tif
  • These four humpback whales were part of a heat run comprising six testosterone-fueled males in pursuit of a single fertile female. Swimming at high speed, the whales appeared from the blue haze below, charging toward the surface in a mad rush. I dived down and waited in mid-water for them. <br />
<br />
As this group of four hurtled past me, I experienced a surge of adrenalin, triggered by the simultaneous exhilaration and apprehension of such a close encounter with a quartet of 40-ton animals. <br />
<br />
The four whales pictured here are all male, one of which is blowing bubbles--a common behaviour that may signify aggression when observed during heat runs. <br />
<br />
The female surfaced some distance away together with the other males, which certainly explains why these whales were in such a rush!
    four-humpback-whales-in-heat-run-201...tif
  • This is the female humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) that was the center of an extended, energetic competitive group heat run. There were two large males that were the main contenders, including one particularly aggressive male that had white pectoral fins, and a number of other males that cycled in and out of the intense activity. The barnacles on the female humpback’s pectoral fin are clearly visible.
    humpback-whale-female-pectoral-fin-b...tif
  • This is a violet snail (Janthina janthina), also known as a bubble raft snail. These pelagic snails are found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. They are considered pleuston, macroscopic organisms that live at the interface of air and water. To float at the ocean surface, these snails use thin secretions of chitin to envelope bubbles of air, thus creating a buoyancy support. They bob upside-down below the ocean surface and wait for prey such as Portuguese man-of-wars (Physalia sp.) and by-the-wind sailors (Velella velella). When they sense such prey, bubble raft snails extend their long cylindrical snouts and use a rasping mechanism to grab prey, as pictured here. These snails are protandrous sequential hermaphrodites, meaning they all commence life as males, then become female. This snail, with a shell of about three centimeters, was found washed ashore with a mass stranding of thousands of colonial siphonophores.
    janthina-janthina-violet-bubble-raft...tif
  • Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) social unit engaged in social activity, with one whale separated from the group while passing gas. Flatulence is common when sperm whales socialize near the ocean surface.
    sperm-whale-flatulence-socializing-d...tif
  • Large cluster of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that were part of an enormous superpod gathering comprising hundreds, if not thousands, of individuals. As is typical of sperm whale social activity, there was a lot of tactile contact accompanied by biosonar clicking, with sloughing of skin, defecation, passing of gas. The water was milky white and oily from the activity.
    sperm-whale-superpod-physeter-macroc...tif
  • A dense group of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that were part of a massive social gathering of hundreds of individuals. As shown here, sperm whales seem to defecate frequently when they are at the surface, especially during intense social activity. The whales' defecation and other bodily excretions imparted an oily consistency to the seawater, as can be seen here, backlit by the low light of the late-afternoon sun. Besides socializing in this manner, the large gathering of sperm whales were also foraging for food in between bouts of surface activity.
    sperm-whales-defecating-socializing-...tif
  • This was part of a large gathering of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) comprising hundreds, perhaps thousands of individual whales that spanned horizon to horizon for nearly three days. This was likely a meeting of multiple social units in the same clan. Pictured here is one particularly large social cluster.  This image is licensed on an exclusive basis to BBC through 29 October 2021.
    sperm-whale-large-aggregation-201402...tif
  • A family of twelve sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) engaged in social activity, with a lot of rubbing against one another, resulting in sloughing off of skin.
    sperm-whale-family-socializing-physe...tif
  • Female humpback whale calf (Megaptera novaeangliae) and its mother with multiple escort male humpbacks. There was a frenzy of males around this mother and calf pair. I have seen this type of behavior on multiple occasions. I believe it may have something to do with the adult female being in estrus, receptive to potential mating opportunities for a limited duration.
    humpback-whale-female-with-calf-mult...tif
  • Pictured here are ten sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that were swimming together, mixed in with a larger gathering of whales. I estimate there were between 50 and 100 individuals in total, though it is difficult to be certain given their continual movement and diving. A couple of the whales can be seen defecating, an activity that seems to be a normal part of social interaction at the surface. Sperm whales are also frequently flatulent, as can be seen here.
    sperm-whales-defecating-socializing-...tif
  • Humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) lunging sideways out of the water during a massive heat run with seven whales
    humpback-whale-lunging-sideways-heat...tif
  • Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) defecating while engaged in a massive social gathering comprising hundreds, perhaps thousands, of individuals. Defecation like this is common in sperm whale social gatherings, as is shedding of skin as seen here.
    sperm-whales-defecating-socializing-...tif
  • Aggregation of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) engaged in social activity. There were hundreds, perhaps thousands, gathered in all directions as far as the eye could see. Most were adult females, though there were some large males present, as well as juveniles. The whales fed intermittently, but also spent substantial time at the surface and in shallow water socializing.
    large-aggregation-sperm-whales-socia...tif
  • This rose petal bubble shell (Hydatina physis) is gathering and arranging freshly secreted eggs on its mantle, prior to attaching the completed egg mass to the sand with a mucous thread. After this is complete, the gastropod burrows back into substrate and disappears.
    hydatina-physis-with-eggs-rose-petal...tif
  • This rose petal bubble shell (Hydatina physis) is burrowing back into the substrate after having emerged to produce the eggs pictured here. This marine snail gathers and arranges its eggs on its mantle before attaching the completed mass to the sand with a mucous thread.
    hydatina-physis-with-eggs-rose-petal...tif
  • A group of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in cooperative foraging behavior commonly referred to as bubble net feeding. The whales find and encircle schools of fish, blowing bubbles as they do so to create a net around the fish and drive them to the surface. The whales then surround the fish and charge up in unison through their prey with mouths wide open. By working together, the whales are able to herd large schools of fish that would be more challenging for a single whale to capture. Photograph taken in Chatham Strait, Alaska.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feedin-ch...tif
  • Female sperm whale diving. This particular individual had many white patches (unique pattern of birthmarks) on her abdomen and a bit on her dorsal surface, making her easy to identify. She was quite shy, and dived quickly. Note the stream of bubbles trailing from her dorsal fin as she dives.
    sperm-whale-diving-trailing-bubbles_...tif
  • This is a female humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae australis) bringing her fluke down, creating a foot print or fluke print at the ocean surface, with streams of bubbles trailing from the leading points at the either tip of her fluke. This female was accompanied by a male. The two rested together, rubbing bellies at one point. The male also sang while with the female.
    humpback-whale-female-fluke-surface-...tif
  • This is part of competitive heat run with at least 14 humpback whales, far, far out in the open ocean. The seas were rough, and whales spread out over a large area. Pictured here is one whale down deep in the process of inflating his throat. This is often a precursor to blowing a stream of bubbles as a dominance display. In this instance, however, this whale was not the primary escort, and it eventually deflated its throat instead of blowing bubbles. Why it inflated and then deflated is not clear.
    humpback-whale-throat-inflated-durin...tif
  • This is the view from beneath a male humpback whale calf (Megaptera novaeangliae) playing at the ocean surface. The calf had just lifted its caudal region out of the water, then flipped over so that his belly was facing upward while he spun his body around. This had the effect of whipping his fluke in a circle, leaving a wake of bubbles, froth and whitewater as seen here. This type of play behavior is typical among healthy humpback whale calves.
    humpback-whale-calf-male-playing-ton...tif
  • This is a top-down view of a pair of endangered tri-spine horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) engaged in spawning. The male is clasped onto the rear of the female, preparing to fertilize eggs that she will deposit. Seen here, the female is still burrowing into the substrate. She will dig deeper, until her primary compound eyes and most of her prosoma is buried. The bubbles are the result of pockets of air trapped in the mud and gravel being released due to the female’s excavation.<br />
<br />
Spawning takes place in the intertidal zone, which is the reason that substantial quantities of air are present in the sediment. It is also the reason that the water is murky and somewhat hazy, as there is mixing of fresh water flowing in from land.<br />
<br />
Although these animals are called crabs, they are not members of the Subphylum Crustacea. They belong to a separate Subphylum—Chelicerata—which also comprises sea spiders, arachnids, and several extinct lineages such as sea scorpions. The earliest known fossils of horseshoe crabs date back 450 million years ago, qualifying these animals as living fossils, as they have remained largely unchanged.<br />
<br />
Tachypleus tridentatus is the largest of the four living species of these marine arthropods, all of which are endangered.<br />
<br />
Though habitat loss and overharvesting of these animals for food are primary contributors to the population decline of horseshoe crabs, the biomedical industry is also a major factor. Horseshoe crabs are bled for their amoebocytes (akin to white blood cells), which are used to derive an extract that reacts in the presence endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which is found in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria. Estimates suggest that between three and 30% of the animals die as a result. There have also been suggestions that taking up to a third of each animal's blood adversely affects their ability to undertake vital functions, such as procreation, even if the animals survive.
    tachypleus-tridentatus-horseshoe-cra...tif
  • These are endangered tri-spine horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) engaged in spawning. The male is visible in his entirety, attached to the rear of the female. The female (much larger than the male) has burrowed into the substrate, with her head and most of her torso buried. She is in the process of depositing eggs, with the male fertilizing them.<br />
<br />
In the intertidal location where this pair were photographed, the mud and gravel substrate contained pockets of air. Digging and other activity by the female releases the trapped air, which bubbles up as seen in this image.<br />
<br />
Although these animals are called crabs, they are not members of the Subphylum Crustacea. They belong to a separate Subphylum—Chelicerata—which also comprises sea spiders, arachnids, and several extinct lineages such as sea scorpions. The earliest known fossils of horseshoe crabs date back 450 million years ago, qualifying these animals as living fossils, as they have remained largely unchanged.<br />
<br />
Tachypleus tridentatus is the largest of the four living species of these marine arthropods, all of which are endangered.<br />
<br />
Though habitat loss and overharvesting of these animals for food are primary contributors to the population decline of horseshoe crabs, the biomedical industry is also a major factor. Horseshoe crabs are bled for their amoebocytes (akin to white blood cells), which are used to derive an extract that reacts in the presence endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which is found in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria. Estimates suggest that between three and 30% of the animals die as a result. There have also been suggestions that taking up to a third of each animal's blood adversely affects their ability to undertake vital functions, such as procreation, even if the animals survive.<br />
<br />
Synthetic substitute tests have been available since 2003. The biomedical industry has however been reluctant to discontinue the practice of bleeding live animals.
    tachypleus-tridentatus-horseshoe-cra...tif
  • This is a pair of southern hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in courtship. The individual above is the female. The male below is blowing a trail of bubbles, a gesture of dominance toward other males that were in the area showing interest in the female.
    humpback-whale-courtship-201808-3541.tif
  • The birth of endangered Japanese horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) can be a chaotic process. The juveniles are small, in the range of 5mm to 7mm. They are not agile or adept swimmers. As they crawl out of the muck, many are pushed, pulled and spun by waves and currents. Some get entangled among themselves. And on occasion, bubbles of air released from the substrate knock them flat on their backs.
    tachypleus-tridentatus-horseshoe-cra...tif
  • This is a pair of endangered tri-spine horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) preparing to spawn. The larger female in front has chosen a place to deposit eggs. She has just commenced digging. The bubbles are the result of pockets of air trapped in the mud and gravel being released due to the female’s excavation. Spawning takes place in the intertidal zone, which is the reason that air is present in the sediment. The smaller male is firmly affixed to the female’s opisthosoma. He will fertilize the eggs she deposits, and then the pair will move on to find another location to spawn again.<br />
<br />
Although these animals are called crabs, they are not members of the Subphylum Crustacea. They belong to a separate Subphylum—Chelicerata—which also comprises sea spiders, arachnids, and several extinct lineages such as sea scorpions. The earliest known fossils of horseshoe crabs date back 450 million years ago, qualifying these animals as living fossils, as they have remained largely unchanged.<br />
<br />
Tachypleus tridentatus is the largest of the four living species of these marine arthropods, all of which are endangered.<br />
<br />
Though habitat loss and overharvesting of these animals for food are primary contributors to the population decline of horseshoe crabs, the biomedical industry is also a major factor. Horseshoe crabs are bled for their amoebocytes (akin to white blood cells), which are used to derive an extract that reacts in the presence endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which is found in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria. Estimates suggest that between three and 30% of the animals die as a result. There have also been suggestions that taking up to a third of each animal's blood adversely affects their ability to undertake vital functions, such as procreation, even if the animals survive.<br />
<br />
Synthetic substitute tests have been available since 2003. The biomedical industry has however been reluctant to discontinue the practice of bleeding live animals.
    tachypleus-tridentatus-horseshoe-cra...tif
  • This is a male humpback whale calf (Megaptera novaeangliae australis) playing at the ocean surface, using his pectoral fin to sweep through the water, leaving turbulence and bubbles in its wake. The calf’s mother was resting below.
    humpback-whale-calf-playing-megapter...tif
  • This is a female humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) accompanied closely by her male calf. Underneath her are two escort whales, both males competing for her attention. Note the exhalation of a cloud of bubbles by one of the escort whales. In this context, such a display is most likely intended as a display of dominance.
    humpback-whale-female-calf-escorts-m...tif
  • Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) surfacing to take a breath, expelling air from its lungs and sending a spray of water and bubbles from its nostrils on top of its head. This was one of several whales engaged in a heat run.
    humpback-whale-surfacing-to-breathe-...tif
  • This is a pair of endangered tri-spine horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) preparing to spawn. The larger female in front has chosen a place to deposit eggs. She has just commenced digging. The bubbles streaming up from between her prosoma and opisthosoma are the result of pockets of air trapped in the mud and gravel being released due to the female’s excavation. Spawning takes place in the intertidal zone, which is the reason that air is present in the sediment. The smaller male is firmly affixed to the female’s opisthosoma. He will fertilize the eggs she deposits, and then the pair will move on to find another location to spawn again.<br />
<br />
Although these animals are called crabs, they are not members of the Subphylum Crustacea. They belong to a separate Subphylum—Chelicerata—which also comprises sea spiders, arachnids, and several extinct lineages such as sea scorpions. The earliest known fossils of horseshoe crabs date back 450 million years ago, qualifying these animals as living fossils, as they have remained largely unchanged.<br />
<br />
Tachypleus tridentatus is the largest of the four living species of these marine arthropods, all of which are endangered.<br />
<br />
Though habitat loss and overharvesting of these animals for food are primary contributors to the population decline of horseshoe crabs, the biomedical industry is also a major factor. Horseshoe crabs are bled for their amoebocytes (akin to white blood cells), which are used to derive an extract that reacts in the presence endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which is found in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria. Estimates suggest that between three and 30% of the animals die as a result. There have also been suggestions that taking up to a third of each animal's blood adversely affects their ability to undertake vital functions, such as procreation, even if the animals survive.
    tachypleus-tridentatus-horseshoe-cra...tif
  • Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) surfacing to take a breath, expelling air from its lungs and sending a spray of water and bubbles from its nostrils on top of its head. This was one of several whales engaged in a heat run.
    humpback-whale-surfacing-to-breathe-...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding, two with their mouths wide open. The low light of a summer evening in Alaska provides dramatic backlighting for this scene.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) emerging from the water in perfect formation while engaged in social foraging, often referred to as bubble net feeding.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding, snow-capped mountains in the background.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding during the summer in Alaska.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding in the warm light of a sunny summer evening in Alaska
    hunpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Clear view of baleen in the mouth of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding in Alaska. Also visible on the lower jaw of another whale are Coronula diadema hard acorn barnacles and Conchoderma auritum gooseneck barnacles.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae kuzira) bubble net feeding in the warm light of late evening during summer in Alaska. The baleen in the mouth of the lead whale is clearly visible from this angle.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • A pair of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) diving in between group bubble net feeding, with a charter vessel visible between the flukes. Visible on the corners of the fluke of the whale on the left are Coronula diadema barnacles, which only grow on humpback whales. Hanging off those hard barnacles are Conchoderma auritum, a gooseneck barnacle that only appears on Coronula diadema barnacles.
    humpback-whale-flukes-alaska-201607-...tif
  • Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) engaged in bubble net feeding near a tourist vessel in Alaska.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) bubble net feeding in the warm light of late evening during summer in Alaska. The baleen in the mouth of the lead whale is clearly visible from this angle.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae kuzira) bubble-net feeding in Chatham Strait, Alaska, in front of a dinghy with tourists enjoying the show.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) bubble-net feeding in Chatham Strait, Alaska on a sunny day with lush greenery in the background.
    bubble-net-feeding-humpback-whales-a...tif
  • A group of humpback whales engaged in social foraging by herding herring and other fish with bubble nets. The lead whale bursts straight out of the water, while the other whales lunge alongside with their mouths wide open.
    humpback-whales-social-foraging-chat...tif
  • Passengers aboard a recreational fishing boat enjoying the show put on by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) bubble-net feeding in Chatham Strait, Alaska.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-c...tif
  • North Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae kuzira) engaged in cooperative bubble-net feeding to capture herring, with sea gulls taking advantage of the whales’ hard work. The whale with its mouth facing toward the camera is the lead individual.
    humpback-whales-bubble-net-feeding-a...tif
  • A large group of humpback whales breathing together in between periods of cooperative hunting with bubble nets to herd schools of fish together. The whales typically rest like this after each successful hunt.
    humpback-whales-breathing-resting-bu...tif
  • Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) executing a tail slap during a sunny day in Alaska. This whale was part of a group engaged in bubble net feeding.
    humpback-whale-tail-slap-alaska-2012...tif
  • These are endangered tri-spine horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) engaged in spawning. The larger female is in front, the smaller male attached to the rear. <br />
<br />
During spring high tide, pairs like this move to shallow water. They remain largely motionless. When the time comes for spawning, the female digs into the substrate and deposits a clutch of eggs, which the male fertilizes. Spawning occurs repetitively.<br />
<br />
In the intertidal location where this pair were photographed, the mud and gravel substrate contained pockets of air, which were sometimes released when the horseshoe crabs became active. The escaped gas bubbled up and emerged from the muck, sometimes passing through the carapace of the female, resulting in the illusion of exhalation, as pictured here.<br />
<br />
Although these animals are called crabs, they are not members of the Subphylum Crustacea. They belong to a separate Subphylum—Chelicerata—which also comprises sea spiders, arachnids, and several extinct lineages such as sea scorpions. The earliest known fossils of horseshoe crabs date back 450 million years ago, qualifying these animals as living fossils, as they have remained largely unchanged.<br />
<br />
Tachypleus tridentatus is the largest of the four living species of these marine arthropods, all of which are endangered.<br />
<br />
Though habitat loss and overharvesting of these animals for food are primary contributors to the population decline of horseshoe crabs, the biomedical industry is also a major factor. Horseshoe crabs are bled for their amoebocytes (akin to white blood cells), which are used to derive an extract that reacts in the presence endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which is found in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria. Estimates suggest that between three and 30% of the animals die as a result. There have also been suggestions that taking up to a third of each animal's blood adversely affects their ability to undertake vital functions, such as procreation, even if the animals survive.
    tachypleus-tridentatus-horseshoe-cra...tif
  • Humpback whale calf breaching in Alaska. This calf’s mother was part of a large group of whales engaged in bubble net feeding. The calf was left to play while its mother fed. The adult female broke from the group from time to time to spend time with the calf, perhaps to nurse the young whale.
    breaching-humpback-whale-calf-alaska...tif
  • A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) that had an unusual dorsal fin, one that was split into three sections. It was not possible to determine whether this split dorsal was present from birth, or whether it was the result of an accident such as a propellor strike. This whale was one of eight or nine that engaged in bubble net feeding together during an overcast day.
    unusual-dorsal-fin-humpback-whale-al...tif
  • Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) breaching during a break from bubble net feeding. This whale was one of six that were engaged in social foraging.
    humpback-whale-breaching-alaska-2016...tif
  • This is one of several mature humpback whales engaged in bubble net feeding. The injury marks on its left dorsal surface look like they may be the result of a run-in with the propellor of a boat, perhaps a small vessel. I photographed this same whale in 2016 (see humpback-whale-ship-propellor-injury-alaska-201607-0621.tif) , also participating in a bubble-net feeding group at the time. In 2016, the group with this whale was working the coast between Point Retreat and Funter Bay. In 2018, this whale was with a group feeding in the nearby Icy Strait area, primarily around Pleasant Island and Gustavus.
    humpback-whale-ship-propellor-injury...tif
  • Humpback whale calf (Megaptera novaeangliae) breaching. This calf's mother was among whales engaged in bubble net feeding. The calf did not participate in the social foraging, but tagged along some distance behind. The adult female separated from the group from time to time, perhaps to feed this calf.
    breaching-humpback-whale-calf-chatha...tif
  • Unidentified aeolid nudibranchs (Favorinus sp.) that appear to be feeding on eggs in a bubble-like egg case. The egg case may be that of a polychaete worm, or possibly a headshield slug of bubble snail (Cephalaspidea). See http://www.tonywublog.com/journal/aeolid-nudibranchs-eating-eggs-of-polychaete-worms for a discussion of this topic. Photographed in Lembeh Strait, Indonesia.
    favorinus-aeolid-nudibranch-eating-p...tif
  • These spider crabs are relatively common throughout Southeast Asia. They resemble another type of undescribed Oncinopus sp., which is hairy and are commonly referred to as orangutan crabs (often incorrectly identified as Achaeus japonicus, which is a different species). These crabs do not have hair, however. They appear spongy, ranging from pale red to yellow in color. In addition, their eyes are white, whereas the eyes of orangutan crabs are red. These crabs also tend to be out in the open, while orangutan crabs are most often found in association with bubble coral or anemones. The stance, demeanor and gait of these crabs remind me of King Kong, hence my nickname for them, King Kong crabs.
    undescribed-oncinopus-crab-king-kong...tif
  • Condensation from the breath of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), backlit by evening sunlight during the Alaskan summer. This whale was one of a group of six engaged in bubble net feeding.
    humpback-whale-breath-condensation-a...tif
  • This is one of several mature humpback whales engaged in bubble net feeding. The injury marks on its left dorsal surface look like they may be the result of a run-in with the propellor of a boat, perhaps a small vessel.
    humpback-whale-ship-propellor-injury...tif
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